利用遥感瞬时温度场研究云南山地气温直减率   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

王艳霞  丁琨  黄晓园  龙晓敏  周汝良 《遥感学报》2014,18(4):912-922

基于MODIS影像反演地表瞬时温度场和气象站点30年平均气温实测数据,结合数字高程模型,研究了云南山地气温随海拔变化的规律。结果表明,降低或消除了坡向与坡度、纬度与经度变化的影响后,在云南全区域尺度上,海拔对气温作用而产生的气温直减率为0.53℃;在典型山地地貌类型区,山地气温直减率由高山区向低山区逐渐增大,滇西北高山区直减率为0.47℃,滇中、滇东中山区为0.51℃,滇南宽谷低山区为0.54℃,滇西北高山峡谷和滇南低山深切沟谷地带为0.54℃;由阳坡、半阴半阳坡至阴坡,山地气温直减率依次增大:阳坡直减率平均为0.52℃,半阴半阳坡平均为0.54℃,阴坡平均为0.55℃。除海拔之外,坡向、坡度等微地形因子亦是微格局气温场的主要地理响应因子。利用遥感数据反演的瞬时温度场研究山地气温直减率,是一种研究山地气温变化规律的新方法。  相似文献   

PERSISTENT AND ANCIENT RIVERS–SOME AUSTRALIAN EXAMPLES     

C. R. Twidale 《自然地理学》2013,34(4):291-317

Rivers are positive feedback systems and, once established and dominant, tend to maintain and enhance that dominance. Thus, major rivers ought to persist. Rivers, some 60 m.y. old (Eocene), that are extant and have been continuously active since initiation have been identified in Australia. Other rivers of equal or even greater antiquity, but with slightly checkered chronologies, also persist in the landscape, as do the ghosts of others. Rivers of similar antiquity occur in other Gondwanan landscapes. [Key words: rivers, antiquity, persistence, drainage anomalies, Australia.]  相似文献   

苏北断陷湖盆坡折带类型与戴南组隐蔽圈闭分布          下载免费PDF全文

张喜林 《江苏地质》2013,37(2):173-177

对苏北盆地高邮凹陷上白垩统—第三系层序地层及戴南组沉积特征研究表明,断陷湖盆中发育多级多类断裂坡折带,它们控制着层序和沉积体系的发育以及砂体的加厚带.高邮凹陷中真1断层为陡坡盆缘坡折带,控制了盆地的边界并控制着戴南组粗碎屑扇体的发育;真2断层为陡坡盆内坡折带,控制了戴南组粗碎屑扇体的加厚带;汉留断层为缓坡盆内坡折带,控制了戴南组三角洲前缘砂体的加厚带和滑塌浊积扇的分布,同时也控制着低位体系域以及高位体系域三角洲前缘—岸线的分布.坡折带的发育受到盆地幕式构造运动的控制.沿盆内坡折带附近发育各类隐蔽圈闭,是断陷湖盆中油气勘探的重点地区.  相似文献   

GIS analysis to assess landslide susceptibility in a fluvial basin of NW Sicily (Italy)   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9  

Christian Conoscenti  Cipriano Di Maggio  Edoardo Rotigliano   《Geomorphology》2008,94(3-4):325

Landslide hazard assessment, effected by means of geostatistical methods, is based on the analysis of the relationships between landslides and the spatial distributions of some instability factors. Frequently such analyses are based on landslide inventories in which each record represents the entire unstable area and is managed as a single instability landform. In this research, landslide susceptibility is evaluated through the study of a variety of instability landforms: landslides, scarps and areas uphill from crown. The instability factors selected were: bedrock lithology, steepness, topographic wetness index and stream power index. The instability landform densities computed for all the factors, which were arranged in Unique Condition Unit, allowed us to derive a total of three prediction images for each landslide typology. The role of the instability factors and the effects generated by the use of different landforms were analyzed by means of: a) bivariate analysis of the relationships between factors and landslide density; b) predictive power validations of the prediction images, based on a random partition strategy.The test area was the Iato River Basin (North-Western Sicily), whose slopes are moderately involved in flow and rotational slide landslides (219 and 28, respectively). The area is mainly made up of the following complexes: Numidian Flysch clays (19%, 1%), Terravecchia sandy clays (5%, 1%), Terravecchia clayey sands (3%, 0.3%) and San Cipirello marly clays (9%, 0%). The steepness parameter shows the highest landslide density in the [11–19°] class for both the typologies (8%, 1%), even if the density distributions for rotational slides are right-asymmetric and right-shifted. We obtained significant differences in shape when we used different instability landforms. Unlike scarps and areas uphill from crowns, landslide areas produce left-asymmetric and left-shifted density distributions for both the typologies. As far as the topographic wetness index is concerned, much more pronounced differences were detected among the instability landforms of rotational slides. In contrast, the flow landslides produce normal-like density distributions. The latter and the rotational slide landslide areas produce the highest density values in the class [5.5–6.7], despite an abrupt decreasing trend starting from the first class [3.2–4.4], which is generated by the density values of the rotational slide scarps and areas uphill from crowns. The stream power index at the foot of the slopes, which was automatically derived using a GIS-procedure, shows a positive correlation with the landslide densities marked by the maximum classes: [4.8–6.0] for flows, and [6.0–7.2] for rotational slides. The validation procedure results confirmed that the choice of instability landform influences the results of the susceptibility analysis. Furthermore, the validation procedure indicates that: a) the predictive models are generally satisfactory; b) scarps and zones uphill from crown areas are the most diagnostically unstable landforms, for flow and rotational slide landslides respectively.  相似文献   

歧口凹陷湖盆特征及对油气成藏控制作用研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

苏俊青  赵厚祥  钱茂路  李红星  于超  魏永生  刘安元 《新疆地质》2009,27(4)

通过分析歧口凹陷湖盆基本特征,剖析构造断裂演化与油气成藏关系,探索其对油气成藏的控制作用.歧口凹陷湖盆自古近纪-新近纪经历了断陷期、断坳转换期、拗陷期三大演化阶段,现今表现为多隆多凹、盆岭相间的分布特征.受区域构造应力场及幕式演化影响,湖盆断裂以NE、近EW向为主,主断裂以侧接、转换为特色.凹陷主要发育潜山构造带、断阶构造带、盖层滑脱型断裂构造带,不同构造带油气成藏模式富集特点差异明显.根据断裂构造与油气成藏关系,认为海陆调解带裂缝油气藏的勘探、远源缓坡区沿断裂构造脊的中浅层勘探及大断裂控制的"Y"字型浅层构造及两侧火成岩勘探是下步工作重点方向.  相似文献   

late quaternary activity of the qujiang fault and analysis of the slip rate     

WANG Yang  ZHANG Bo  HOU Jian-jun  Ai Sheng 《地震地质》2015,37(4):1177-1192

The Qujiang Fault is one of the most seismically active faults in western Yunnan, China and is considered to be the seismogenic fault of the 1970 M_S7.7 Tonghai earthquake. The Qujiang Fault is located at the southeastern tip of the Sichuan-Yunnan block. In this study, we examine the geometry, kinematics, and geomorphology of this fault through field observations and satellite images. The fault is characterized by dextral strike-slip movements with dip-slip components and can be divided into northwest and southeast segments according to different kinematics. The northwest segment shows right-lateral strike-slip with normal components, whereas it is characterized by dextral movements with the northeast wall thrusting over the opposite in the southeast segment. The offset landforms are well developed along the strike of the fault with displacements ranging from 3.7m to 830m. The Late Quaternary right-lateral slip rate was determined to be 2.3～4.0mm/a through dating and measuring on the offset features. The variation of the slip and uplift rates along the fault strike corresponds well to the fault kinematics segmentation: the slip rate on the northwest segment is above 3mm/a with an uplift rate of 0.6～0.8mm/a; however, influenced by the Xiaojiang Fault, the southeast segment shows apparent thrust components. The slip rate decreases to below 3.0mm/a with an uplift rate of 1.1mm/a, indicating different uplift between the northwest and southeast segments.  相似文献   

凹形地貌对爆破振动波传播影响的数值模拟   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

唐海  李海波  周青春  李俊如  夏祥  张磊奇 《岩土力学》2008,29(6):1540-1544

应用UDEC程序模拟了爆破振动波在凹形地貌中的传播特征,并与广东岭澳核电站2期基础爆破开挖现场监测结果进行了对比。对比分析结果表明,数值模拟结果与现场监测结果较为吻合。研究结果还揭示,凹形地貌对爆破振动波具有明显的衰减作用,质点水平向振动速度的衰减幅度大于质点垂直向。同时,衰减系数随凹形地貌深度、宽度的增加而增加,但随宽度增加的幅度较小。另外,爆破振动波的衰减系数随爆源距增加而减小,随最大段药量的增大而增大。  相似文献   

Insights of long-term geomorphological evolution of coastal landscapes in hot-spot oceanic islands     

Nicolas Ferrer-Valero  Luis Hernández-Calvento  Antonio I. Hernández-Cordero 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(2):565-580

The Canary Islands form a volcanic archipelago in which a west–east (W–E) chain of progressively older and less active islands can be observed. In the Canary Islands, unlike most hot-spot archipelagos, certain geodynamic peculiarities have promoted longer periods of island survival, exceeding 20 Myr. This factor makes these islands a suitable context for this work, which aims to analyze extensively the coastal geomorphic structure on islands with different development states. For this, three islands in different volcanic phases were selected: La Palma (1.8 Myr), Gran Canaria (14.5 Myr) and Fuerteventura (22.6 Myr). An ad hoc landform-based hierarchical taxonomy was designed to analyze the coastal geomorphic structure of the three islands. Based on a multi-sourced analysis in geographic information system (GIS) and field recognition, a comprehensive cartographic database was collected using the coastline data-storing (CDS) method as a feature abundance proxy. Three different aspects of the geomorphological structure were compared and related between the islands: (i) composition, (ii) abundance and (iii) diversity. Through their comparison, we attempt to explore geomorphological aspects of coastal evolution over geological spatiotemporal scales. Composition was explored analyzing the distribution of the feature's longshore frequencies (p). Abundance, by metrics of local abundance (N_∩) and whole density (N_U). Diversity, through four indices: normalized richness (S) and Margalef index (M) to estimate richness; Simpson index (D) and Shannon index (H’) to estimate evenness. We identified a systematic transformation in the dominant landform composition and a systematic trend in increasing geomorphological abundance and diversity from younger to older islands. The results show a long-term structural pattern defined by the increase in coastal geomorphic complexity (abundance and diversity) over geological time, as the coasts evolve from predominantly rocky-erosive to increasingly clastic-depositional environments. This long-term geomorphological pattern may be a general aspect of hot-spot island archipelagos, which can bring a new perspective to the knowledge of their coastal evolution. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE FINE FAULT GEO-METRY BASED ON HIGH-RESOLUTION DEM DATA DERIVED FROM UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNIQUE: A CASE STUDY OF TANGJIAPO SITE ON THE HAIYUAN FAULT          下载免费PDF全文

SUN Wen  HE Hong-lin  WEI Zhan-yu  GAO Wei  SUN Hao-yue  ZOU Jun-jie 《地震地质》2019,41(6):1350-1365

Fault-related tectonic geomorphologic features are integrated expressions of multiple strong seismological events and long-term surface processes, including crucial information about strong earthquake behavior of a fault. It's of great significance to identify the strong seismic activity information from faulted landscapes, which include the date and sequence of the seismic activities, displacements, active fault features, for studying the seismic rupture process, predicting the future seismic recurrence behavior and evaluating the seismic hazard of the fault. However, due to the restriction of measuring techniques and the subsequent poor quality of the acquired data, it has been difficult to accurately extract such information from complex tectonic landforms to study active faults for a long time. Recently, "small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(sUAV)" photogrammetric technique based on "Structure from Motion(SfM)" provides a cost-efficient and convenient access to high-resolution and high-accuracy "digital elevation models(DEMs)" of tectonic landforms. This paper selects the Tangjiapo area at the Haiyuan Fault to conduct data collection, in which the structural and geomorphic features are well preserved. Using a small quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle(Inpire 2), we collect 1598 aerial photographs with a coverage area of 0.72km². For calibrating the accuracy of the aerial data, we set 10 ground control points and use differential-GPS to obtain the spatial coordinates of these control points. We use model software Agisoft PhotoScan to process these digital pictures, obtaining high-resolution and high-accuracy DEM data with the geographic information, in which data resolution is 2.6cm/pix and the average density of point cloud is 89.3 point/m². The data with these accuracy and resolution can fully show the real geomorphic features of the landform and meet the requirements for extracting specific structural geomorphic information on the surface. Through the detailed interpretation of the tectonic landforms, we identify a series of structures associated with the strike-slip fault and divide the alluvial fan into four stages, named s₁, s₂, s₃, and s₄, respectively.Wherein, the s₁ is the latest phase of the alluvial fan, which is in the extension direction of the Haiyuan Fault and there isn't any surface fracture, indicating that the s₁ was formed after the M8.5 Haiyuan earthquake in 1920. The rupture zone on the s₂ fan is composed of varied kinds of faulting geomorphologic landforms, such as a series of en echelon tension-shear fractures trending 270°~285°, fault scarps and seismic ridges caused by the left-lateral motion of the seismic fault. In addition, a number of field ridges on the s₂ fan were faulted by the 1920 Haiyuan M8.5 earthquake, recording the co-seismic displacements of the latest earthquake event. Relatively speaking, the surface rupture structure of the s₃ fan is simple, mainly manifested as linear fault scarp with a trend of 270°~285°, which may indicate that multiple earthquakes have connected the different secondary fractures. And a small part of s₄ fan is distributed in the southwest of the study area without fault crossing. Furthermore, we measured the horizontal displacements of river channels and vertical offsets of fault scarps. The faulted ridge on the s₂ fan and faulted gully on the s₃ fan provide good linear markers for obtaining the fault left-lateral dislocation. We used the graphical dislocation measurement software LaDiCaoz developed based on Matlab to restore the gully position before the earthquake by comparing the gully morphology on both sides of the fault, and then determined the horizontal offset of s₂, which is(4.3±0.4)m and that of s₃ is(8.6±0.6)m. In addition, based on the DEM data, we extracted the fault scarp densely along the fault strike, and obtained the vertical offset of s₂, which is(4.3±0.4)m and that of s₃ is(1.79±0.16)m. Moreover, we detect slope breaks in the fault scarp morphology. For compound fault scarps generated by multiple surface rupture earthquakes, there are multiple inflection points on the slope of the topographic section, and each inflection point represents a surface rupture event. Therefore, the slope break point on the scarp becomes an important symbol of multiple rupture of the fault. The statistical result shows that the slope breaks number of s₂ is 1 and that of s₃ is 2. Based on the analysis of horizontal displacements of river channels and vertical offsets of fault scarps as well as its slope breaks, two surface rupturing events can be confirmed along the Tangjiapo area of the Haiyuan Fault. Among them, the horizontal and vertical displacements of the older event are(4.3±0.95)m and(0.85±0.22)m, respectively, while that of the latest event are(4.3±0.4)m and(0.95±0.14)m, which are the coseismic horizontal and vertical offsets of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake. These recognitions have improved our cognitive level of the fine structure of seismic surface rupture and ability to recognize paleoearthquake events. Therefore, the high-resolution topographic data obtained from the SfM photogrammetry method can be used for interpretation of fine structure and quantitative analysis of microgeomorphology. With the development of research on tectonic geomorphology and active tectonics toward refinement and quantification, this method will be of higher use value and practical significance.  相似文献   

Evolutionary creativity in landscapes     

Jonathan D. Phillips 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(1):109-120

In biological evolution, creativity occurs in the appearance of new entities by evolutionary dynamics. This is linked to mutations and genetic drift, which cannot occur in geophysical phenomena. Biota can exhibit evolutionary creativity that influences landforms, but how does creativity (defined here as the capacity for emergence of new entities that increase the adjustedness of the landscape to environmental conditions) occur in landforms and landscapes as entities independent of biota? Creativity in geomorphic evolution does not require any sort of goal functions or purposeful innovation – just that geomorphic development is capable of producing novelties that may be better adapted (more efficient or durable) than predecessors. Independently of biota, evidence exists that landforms may develop to become more or less ‘fit' in terms of efficiency and/or durability. Thus, emergence of novel features may lead to their persistence. Emergence of novel forms is illustrated for the case of karst sinkholes (dolines), which indicates increasing geomorphic diversity over Ma and Ga timescales. A case study of fluviokarst chronosequences in Kentucky demonstrates emergence and elimination of landforms as landscapes evolve. Some of these may represent generally (as opposed to locally) novel landforms. While this article is more suggestive than demonstrative, results strongly suggest evolutionary creativity in geomorphology both tied to, and independent of, biological evolution. This occurs due to emergence of geomorphic entities that are subject to selection that tends to increase efficiency and durability. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献